Reproductive behaviors promote ecological and phenotypic sexual differentiation in the critically endangered Lehmann’s poison frog

Abstract Territoriality and parental care are complex reproductive behaviors found in many taxa from insects to mammals. Parental can be carried out by the female, male, or both, depending on species. Territoriality, contrast, is predominantly displayed males. Different selective pressures imposed individuals sex performing territorial may also lead sexual differentiation other life-history traits. Due their behavior diversity of behaviors, Neotropical poison frogs an excellent study system investigate whether behavioral traits influence intrinsic extrinsic individuals. Here, we evaluate mediate ecological (habitat use) phenotypic (coloration, morphology) critically endangered Lehmann’s frog ( Oophaga lehmanni ), a species which males defend territories while females provide care. We differences habitat use morphological traits, but not coloration. Males trunks green leaves as perches more frequently higher substrates, than females. no body size, have longer arms males, probably associated with duties (climbing trees feed tadpoles). Altogether, our results evidence that selection act differently male female territoriality promote evolution dendrobatids. Long-term wildlife observations essential identify important hypotheses about ecology conservation this vertebrate